सामग्री पर जाएँ
साइडबार को टॉगल करें
खोजें
खाता बनाएँ
व्यक्तिगत उपकरण
खाता बनाएँ
लॉग-इन करें
लॉग-आउट किए गए संपादकों के लिए पृष्ठ
अधिक जानें
वार्ता
योगदान
नेविगेशन
मुखपृष्ठ
हाल में हुए बदलाव
बेतरतीब पृष्ठ
मीडियाविकि के बारे में सहायता
उपकरण
कड़ियाँ
पृष्ठ से जुड़े बदलाव
विशेष पृष्ठ
पृष्ठ की जानकारी
Wikipedia
सम्पादन (अनुभाग)
पृष्ठ
वार्ता
हिन्दी
पढ़ें
सम्पादित करें
स्रोत सम्पादित करें
इतिहास देखें
अधिक
पढ़ें
सम्पादित करें
स्रोत सम्पादित करें
इतिहास देखें
सावधान:
आपने लॉग-इन नहीं किया है। अगर आप सम्पादन करते हैं तो इस पृष्ठ के संपादन इतिहास में आपका IP पता दृश्य होगा। अगर आप
लॉग-इन
करते हैं या
खाता बनाते हैं
तो दूसरे सुविधाओं के साथ-साथ आपके संपादनों का श्रेय आपके सदस्यनाम पर दिया जाएगा।
ऐन्टी-स्पैम जाँच। इसे
नहीं
भरें!
== History == {{Main|History of Wikipedia}} === Nupedia === {{Main|Nupedia}} {{Multiple image|total_width = 210 | footer = Wikipedia founders [[Jimmy Wales]] (left) and [[Larry Sanger]] (right) | width = | image1 = Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg | height1 = 140 | image2 = L Sanger.jpg | height2 = 140 }} Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|archive-date=February 10, 2023|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=Ned |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant|author1-link=Ned Kock |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |publisher=IGI Global |issn=1548-3681|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of [[Bomis]], a [[web portal]] company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]], editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="Meyers" /> Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia [[free content|Open Content]] License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]].<ref name="stallman1999" group="W" /> Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<ref name="SangerMemoir" /><ref name="Sanger" group="W" /> while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a [[wiki]] to reach that goal.<ref name="WM foundation of WP 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=T. |first=Laura |date=October 30, 2001 |title=Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks? |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040038/https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikipedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/OTDFENO6REC46PN354TKFOJBA5BSXBUX/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=Larry |date=January 10, 2001 |title=Let's Make a Wiki |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archive-date=April 14, 2003 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Launch and rapid growth === Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001<ref name="KockJungSyn2016" /> (referred to as ''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Day|Wikipedia Day]]'') as a single [[English language]] edition with the domain name ''www.wikipedia.com'',<ref name="WikipediaHome" group="W" /> and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> The name originated from a [[blend word|blend]] of the words ''wiki'' and ''encyclopedia''.<ref name="MiliardWho" /><ref name="J Sidener" /> Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV" group="W" /> was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.<ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{cite news |author=Finkelstein |first=Seth |date=September 25, 2008 |title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|url-status=live|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170151/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> [[File:English Wikipedia HomePage 2001-12-20.png|thumb|The Wikipedia home page on December 20, 2001{{efn|Now available as an archive at the [[nost:|Nostalgia Wikipedia]].}}]] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, ''[[Slashdot]]'' postings, and web [[search engine]] indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004.<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html |title=Alternative language wikipedias |date=March 16, 2001|mailing-list=Wikipedia-L |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 16, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120728/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP early language stats 1" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004]]</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The [[English Wikipedia]] passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'' made in China during the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia" /> Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] forked from Wikipedia to create {{lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]|italic=no}} in February 2002.<ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |website=Osdir|access-date = December 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|archive-date = October 6, 2008 }}</ref> Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from ''wikipedia.com'' to ''wikipedia.org''.<ref name="Shirky" /><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|archive-date=June 20, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> After an early period of exponential growth,<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1"/> the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Bobbie |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Wikipedia approaches its limits |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132759/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist+|url-status=live}}</ref> The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=August 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth|url-status=live}}</ref> A team at the [[Palo Alto Research Center]] attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits".<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1">{{Cite conference |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |date=2009-10-25 |title=The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1641309.1641322 |conference=WikiSym '09: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |archive-date=September 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926122335/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1641309.1641322 |url-status=live }}</ref> Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "[[wikt:low-hanging fruit|low-hanging fruit]]"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.<ref name="bostonreview the end of WP 1">{{cite magazine |last=Morozov |first=Evgeny |date=November–December 2009 |title=Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia |url=https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov |magazine=Boston Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211050926/https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov|archive-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 28, 2009 |title=Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045029/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|archive-date=April 30, 2011}}</ref><ref name="stanford WP lack of future growth 1">{{cite web |last1=Gibbons |first1=Austin |last2=Vetrano |first2=David |last3=Biancani |first3=Susan |year=2012 |title=Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow |url=https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=Stanford Network Analysis Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718091331/https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|archive-date=July 18, 2014}} {{open access}}</ref> {{anchor|Decline in participation since 2009}} In November 2009, a researcher at the [[Rey Juan Carlos University]] in Madrid, Spain found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors |title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jenny |last=Kleeman |date=November 26, 2009|access-date = December 13, 2016|archive-date = December 26, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132806/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors+|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ortega Soto |first=José Felipe |date=2009 |title=Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Rey Juan Carlos University |url=https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239 |hdl=10115/11239|access-date=March 14, 2023|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135007/https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fowler |first1=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|archive-date=December 4, 2022|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology.<ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{cite news |last=Barnett |first=Emma |date=November 26, 2009 |title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".<ref name="wiki-women">{{cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=August 8, 2011 |title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=April 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421150824/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> A 2013 ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae.<ref name="Simonite-2013">{{cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |date=October 22, 2013 |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]]|access-date = November 30, 2013|archive-date = July 31, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/|url-status = live}}</ref> In July 2012, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' reported that the number of administrators was also in decline.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |date=July 16, 2012 |title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209095932/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829/|archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> In the November 25, 2013, issue of ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis."<ref>Ward, Katherine. ''New York'' Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.</ref> The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=F. |first=G. |date=May 5, 2013 |title=Who really runs Wikipedia? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126151121/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|archive-date=November 26, 2021 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023|archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> === Milestones === [[File:List of Wikipedia articles by language - March 2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in each language {{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=.}} Languages with fewer than 1,000,000 articles are represented by one circle. Languages are grouped by region of continent and each region of continent is presented by a separate color.]] In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten [[List of most-visited websites|most popular websites]] in the United States, according to [[Comscore]] Networks.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|archive-date=August 19, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked #9, surpassing ''[[The New York Times]]'' (#10) and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] (#11).<ref name=":4" /> This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Carlos Perez |first=Juan |date=February 17, 2007 |title=Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|url-status=dead |magazine=PCWorld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319204141/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|archive-date=March 19, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 8, 2015|archive-date = October 20, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> On February 9, 2014, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion [[pageview|page views]] and nearly 500 million [[unique user#Unique visitor|unique visitors]] a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".<ref name="small screen">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 9, 2014 |title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2023|March}}, it ranked 6th in popularity, according to [[Similarweb]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|url-status=live}}</ref> Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "[[stigmergy|stigmergic]] accumulation".<ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{cite journal |first1=Jeff |last1=Loveland |first2=Joseph |last2=Reagle |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |s2cid=27886998|issn = 1461-4448}}</ref><ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> {{anchor|BlackoutProtest}} On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the [[United States Congress]]—the [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] (SOPA) and the [[PROTECT IP Act]] (PIPA)—by [[protests against SOPA and PIPA|blacking out its pages for 24 hours]].<ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114230228/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/technology-blog/story/2012-01-19/wikipedia-sopa-protest-led-8-million-to-look-up-reps-in-congress|archive-date=November 14, 2022}}</ref> More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.<ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{cite news |date=January 18, 2012 |title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|url-status=live|access-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227191611/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16590585|archive-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage|archive-date = June 22, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2013, [[274301 Wikipedia]], an [[asteroid]], was named after Wikipedia;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Workman |first=Robert |date=January 5, 2013 |title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia' |work=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023831/https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the ''[[Wikipedia Monument]]'';<ref>{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Leslie |date=October 27, 2014 |title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure) |work=[[CNET]] |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023828/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|url-status=live}}</ref> and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as [[Print Wikipedia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat|archive-date=October 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, an Israeli [[lunar lander]], [[Beresheet]], crash landed on the surface of the [[Moon]] carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.<ref name="WRD-20190805">{{cite news |last=Oberhaus |first=Daniel |date=August 5, 2019 |title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013530/https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|archive-date=December 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name="VOX-20190806">{{cite news |last=Resnick |first=Brian |title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun. |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission |date=August 6, 2019 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-date=November 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129050220/https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into [[synthetic genomics|synthetic DNA]].<ref name="CNET-20190629">{{cite news |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Startup packs all 16 GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes. |work=[[CNET]] |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|url-status=live|access-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229022241/https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for ''[[The Economic Times]]'' indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Subodh |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|url-status=live|access-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211043545/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|archive-date=December 11, 2022}}</ref> Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's [[Knowledge Graph]]s project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> When contacted on this matter, [[Clay Shirky]], associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's [[Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society]] said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally.<ref name="Alexa">{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |website=[[Alexa Internet]]|access-date = December 28, 2016|archive-date = February 3, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|url-status = dead}}</ref> As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org|url-status = live}}</ref> from which [[cloud computing]] was the most cited page.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/|url-status = live}}</ref> On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archive-date=January 20, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |author=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|url-status=live}}</ref> It featured a redesigned [[menu bar]], moving the [[table of contents]] to the left as a [[sidebar (computing)|sidebar]], and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool.<ref name=":3" /><ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront |work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119234339/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|url-status=live}}</ref> The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the [[Swahili Wikipedia]] unanimously voted to revert the changes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine|archive-date=January 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
सारांश:
कृपया ध्यान दें कि वर्ल्डपीडिया को किये गये सभी योगदान क्रिएटिव कॉमन्स एट्रिब्यूशन-शेयरअलाइक ४.० लाइसेंस की शर्तों के तहत होंगे (अधिक जानकारी के लिये
वर्ल्डपीडिया:कॉपीराइट
देखें)। यदि आप अपने योगदान को लगातार बदलते और पुनः वितरित होते नहीं देख सकते हैं तो यहाँ योगदान न करें।
आप यह भी प्रमाणित कर रहे हैं कि यह आपने स्वयं लिखा है अथवा सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र या किसी समान मुक्त स्रोत से प्रतिलिपित किया है।
कॉपीराइट सुरक्षित कार्यों को बिना अनुमति के यहाँ न डालें!
रद्द करें
सम्पादन सहायता
(नई विंडो में खुलता है)