Wikipedia सम्पादन (अनुभाग)

==== Systemic biases ====
[[Academic studies about Wikipedia|Academic studies of Wikipedia]] have consistently shown that Wikipedia systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English-speaking white male, aged 15–49, from a developed Christian country{{example needed|date=March 2025}} in the northern hemisphere.<ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|archive-date=November 21, 2022|access-date=November 23, 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs.<ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |date=April 3, 2017|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |s2cid=10472970}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> This systemic bias in editor demographic results in [[cultural bias]], [[gender bias on Wikipedia|gender bias]], and [[geographical bias on Wikipedia]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last1=Ackerly |first1=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |date=April 20, 2020|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=806–810 |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |s2cid=218523099|access-date=May 8, 2023|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two broad types of bias, which are ''implicit'' (when a topic is omitted) and ''explicit'' (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).<ref name="Hube2017" />

Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a [[Neutrality (philosophy)|neutral point of view]].<ref name=":32" /> In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".<ref name="wiki-women" /> The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's ''Technology Review'' titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and [[criticism of Wikipedia#Excessive regulation|policy creep]] on the [[#English Wikipedia editor numbers|downward trend in the number of editors]].<ref name="Simonite-2013" />