सामग्री पर जाएँ
साइडबार को टॉगल करें
खोजें
खाता बनाएँ
व्यक्तिगत उपकरण
खाता बनाएँ
लॉग-इन करें
लॉग-आउट किए गए संपादकों के लिए पृष्ठ
अधिक जानें
वार्ता
योगदान
नेविगेशन
मुखपृष्ठ
हाल में हुए बदलाव
बेतरतीब पृष्ठ
मीडियाविकि के बारे में सहायता
उपकरण
कड़ियाँ
पृष्ठ से जुड़े बदलाव
विशेष पृष्ठ
पृष्ठ की जानकारी
Wikipedia
सम्पादन (अनुभाग)
पृष्ठ
वार्ता
हिन्दी
पढ़ें
सम्पादित करें
स्रोत सम्पादित करें
इतिहास देखें
अधिक
पढ़ें
सम्पादित करें
स्रोत सम्पादित करें
इतिहास देखें
सावधान:
आपने लॉग-इन नहीं किया है। अगर आप सम्पादन करते हैं तो इस पृष्ठ के संपादन इतिहास में आपका IP पता दृश्य होगा। अगर आप
लॉग-इन
करते हैं या
खाता बनाते हैं
तो दूसरे सुविधाओं के साथ-साथ आपके संपादनों का श्रेय आपके सदस्यनाम पर दिया जाएगा।
ऐन्टी-स्पैम जाँच। इसे
नहीं
भरें!
== Operation == === Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements === {{Main|Wikimedia Foundation}} [[File:Katherine Maher.jpg|thumb|[[Katherine Maher]], the third executive director of Wikimedia, served from 2016 to 2021.|alt=Katherine Maher in 2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing a black shirt.]] Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as [[Wiktionary]] and [[Wikibooks]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |date=May 30, 2018 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=October 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGregor |first1=Jena |title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 17, 2020|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421031242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service [[Form 990]] shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=May 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named [[Lila Tretikov]] as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|archive-date=May 3, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The'' ''Wall Street Journal'' reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news |last=Elder |first=Jeff |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201172213/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040015/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> The same ''Wall Street Journal'' article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue ([[conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia|paid advocacy]]) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted,<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Neotarf|author-link=User:Neotarf |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia |work=[[The Signpost]] |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Katherine Maher]] became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|url-status=live}}</ref> Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words."<ref name="Bloomberg 2016" /> Maher served as executive director until April 2021.<ref name=axios>{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |first=Felix |last=Salmon |website=Axios |date=February 4, 2021|access-date=April 16, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maryana Iskander]] was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lima |first=Cristiano |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021 |issn=0190-8286|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called [[Wikimedia movement affiliates]]. These include [[list of Wikimedia chapters|Wikimedia chapters]] (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the [[Catalan language]] community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=November 12, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters|url-status=live}}</ref> === Software operations and support === {{See also|MediaWiki}} The operation of Wikipedia depends on [[MediaWiki]], a custom-made, [[free software|free]] and open source [[wiki software]] platform written in [[PHP]] and built upon the [[MySQL]] database system.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |title=Wikimedia Architecture |first=Mark |last=Bergsma |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = June 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf|archive-date = March 3, 2009}}</ref> The software incorporates programming features such as a [[macro (computer science)|macro language]], [[variable (programming)|variable]]s, a [[transclusion]] system for [[web template system|template]]s, and [[URL redirection]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|url-status=live}}</ref> MediaWiki is licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally, Wikipedia ran on [[UseModWiki]] written in [[Perl]] by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required [[CamelCase]] for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a [[PhpWiki|PHP wiki]] engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by [[Magnus Manske]]. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the [[exponential growth|exponentially increasing]] demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by [[Lee Daniel Crocker]]. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.<ref name="WP extensions installed" group="W">[[Special:Version]]</ref> In April 2005, a [[Lucene]] extension<ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=July 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l] Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html|access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=March 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on [[Elasticsearch]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a [[WYSIWYG]] (What You See Is What You Get) extension, [[VisualEditor]], was opened to public use.<ref name="thenextwebve">{{cite news |last=Protalinski |first=Emil |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English |newspaper=[[TNW (website)|TNW]] |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705200158/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors |author=Curtis, Sophie |date=July 23, 2013|access-date = August 18, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia |title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things |author=L. M. |date=December 13, 2011|access-date = July 28, 2013|archive-date = June 9, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609185354/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|url-status = live}}</ref> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".<ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |author=Orlowski, Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |website=The Register|access-date = August 18, 2013|archive-date = August 4, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor|url-status = live}}</ref> The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Automated editing === {{Main|Wikipedia bots}} Computer programs called [[Internet bot|bot]]s have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Bots]]</ref><ref name="meetbots">{{cite news |last=Nasaw |first=Daniel |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728024625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |author2=Arthur, Charles |title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 26, 2012|access-date = September 5, 2012|archive-date = February 20, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220220203949/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|url-status = live}}</ref> One controversial contributor, [[Sverker Johansson]], created articles with his bot [[Lsjbot]], which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jervell |first=Ellen Emmerentze |date=July 13, 2014 |title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=August 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185020/https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Aude |date=March 23, 2009 |title=Abuse Filter is enabled |work=[[The Signpost]] |publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=March 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322114624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- And prevent the creation of links to particular websites. Bots also find and revert changes by suspicious new accounts, enforce bans against shared [[IP address]]es or the use of [[sockpuppet (Internet)|sockpuppet]]s by a banned person operating from an alternate IP address.(unsourced/unverifiable) --> Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.<ref name="meetbots" /> Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or [[IP address]] ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17|MH17 jet]] in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944|archive-date=November 16, 2016|access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Bot policy]]</ref> According to [[Andrew Lih]], the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232977686 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=August 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806070928/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232977686|url-status=live}}</ref> === Hardware operations and support === [[File:Wikipedia webrequest 2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Overview of system architecture {{as of|2022|08|lc=on}}]] {{As of|2021|post=,}} page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of [[Varnish (software)|Varnish]] caching servers and back-end layer [[caching]] is done by [[Apache Traffic Server]].<ref name=":14" group="W">{{cite web |title=Varnish |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Varnish|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120040423/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Varnish|url-status=live}}</ref> Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the [[Linux Virtual Server]] software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database.<ref name=":14" group="W" /> The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Vitaly |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word) |url=https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=[[Smashing Magazine]]|archive-date=April 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401164651/https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated [[computer cluster|cluster]]s of [[Linux]] servers running the [[Debian]] operating system.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian|access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an [[Equinix]] facility in [[Ashburn, Virginia]].<ref group="W" name=":0">{{cite web |last=Palmier |first=Guillaume |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011114/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/ |title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home |first=Jason |last=Verge |publisher=Data Center Knowledge|access-date = June 5, 2016 |date=January 14, 2013|archive-date = July 15, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011703/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in [[Singapore]], the first of its kind in Asia.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, a caching data center was opened in [[Marseille]], France.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, a caching data center was opened in [[São Paulo]], the first of its kind in South America.<ref group="W" name="Magru">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|11|post=,}} caching clusters are located in [[Amsterdam]], San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo.<ref name=":13" group="W" /><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers|url-status=live}}</ref> === Internal research and operational development === Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits,<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of [[industrial organization]] economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite book |last1=Scherer |first1=Frederic M. |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |date=2009 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716|author1-link=Frederic M. Scherer|access-date=February 2, 2023|orig-date=1970|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716|url-status=live}}</ref> Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /><ref name="Orlowski, Andrew" /> The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by [[Adam B. Jaffe|Adam Jaffe]], who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last1=Trajtenberg |first1=Manuel |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |year=2002 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.<ref name=":15" /> In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|url-status=live}}</ref> updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.<ref name=":15" /> === Internal news publications === {{Main|The Signpost}} Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]]'s online newspaper ''[[The Signpost]]'' was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|archive-date=March 1, 2016|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 5, 2007 |title=A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=October 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161523/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and [[Wikimedia Foundation#Projects and initiatives|Wikipedia's sister projects]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=June 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610122656/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|url-status=live}}</ref> === The Wikipedia Library === {{for|information for Wikipedia editors|Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library|selfref=yes}} [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|thumb|upright|Wikipedia Library]]The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of [[electronic publishing|digital publication]]s, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.<ref name="orlowitz">{{cite journal |last1=Orlowitz |first1=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library : the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505|access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bna">{{cite news |last1=The British Newspaper Archive |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light |work=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url=https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161528/https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when [[ICE Publishing]] joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."<ref name="hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|url-status=live}}</ref>
सारांश:
कृपया ध्यान दें कि वर्ल्डपीडिया को किये गये सभी योगदान क्रिएटिव कॉमन्स एट्रिब्यूशन-शेयरअलाइक ४.० लाइसेंस की शर्तों के तहत होंगे (अधिक जानकारी के लिये
वर्ल्डपीडिया:कॉपीराइट
देखें)। यदि आप अपने योगदान को लगातार बदलते और पुनः वितरित होते नहीं देख सकते हैं तो यहाँ योगदान न करें।
आप यह भी प्रमाणित कर रहे हैं कि यह आपने स्वयं लिखा है अथवा सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र या किसी समान मुक्त स्रोत से प्रतिलिपित किया है।
कॉपीराइट सुरक्षित कार्यों को बिना अनुमति के यहाँ न डालें!
रद्द करें
सम्पादन सहायता
(नई विंडो में खुलता है)