Wikipedia सम्पादन (अनुभाग)

=== Methods of access<span class="anchor" id="Reusing Wikipedia's content"></span> ===
Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks]]</ref> The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website.

Thousands of "[[mirror site]]s" exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are [[Reference.com]] and [[Answers.com]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is [[Wapedia]], which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.<ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-date=April 23, 2022|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Some web [[search engine]]s make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include [[Microsoft Bing]] (via technology gained from [[Powerset (company)|Powerset]])<ref name="bing WP research and referencing" /> and [[DuckDuckGo]].

Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on [[optical disc]]s. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles,<ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles,<ref group="W">[[:de:Wikipedia:DVD|Wikipedia:DVD]]</ref> and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and [[SOS Children's Villages UK|SOS Children]], is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.<ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2008 |title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online |url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online |access-date=February 3, 2023 |newspaper=WikiNews |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref>

There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.<ref name="WP into books 1">{{cite news |date=June 16, 2009 |title=Wikipedia turned into book |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801202703/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|archive-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref><ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/|archive-date=August 4, 2012|access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Since 2009, tens of thousands of [[print on demand|print-on-demand]] books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company [[Books LLC]] and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher [[VDM Publishing|VDM]].<ref name="FAZ" />

The website [[DBpedia]], begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bizer |first1=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898}}</ref> Wikimedia has created the [[Wikidata]] project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable [[Semantic Web|semantic]] format, [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|post=,}} it has over 101&nbsp;million items.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> [[WikiReader]] is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by [[Openmoko|OpenMoko]] and first released in 2009.<ref group="W">{{cite web |last1=Moeller |first1=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/|access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref>

Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a [[web crawler]] is discouraged.<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W" /> Wikipedia publishes "[[Wikipedia:Database download|dump]]s" of its contents, but these are text-only; {{as of|2023|lc=y|post=,}} there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images.<ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a for-profit solution to this.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-finally-asking-big-tech-to-pay-up/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the ''[[Journal of Documentation]]'', the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library [[reference desk]], with an accuracy of 55 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951 |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf}}</ref>

==== Mobile access<span class="anchor" id="Wikipedia mobile access"></span><span class="anchor" id="Wikipedia mobile"></span> ====
{{See also|List of Wikipedia mobile applications|Help:Mobile access}}
[[File:Wikipedia on Mobile screenshot (2024).png|thumb|A mobile version showing the English Wikipedia's Main Page on October 2, 2024]]
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard [[web browser]] through a fixed [[Internet access|Internet connection]]. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the [[mobile web]] since July 2013, ''The New York Times'' on February 9, 2014, quoted [[Erik Möller]], deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in ''The New York Times'' reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 ''The New York Times'' reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by ''The New York Times'' for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.<ref name="small screen" /> By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.<ref name=WF10.23.23 />

Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the [[Wireless Application Protocol]] (WAP), via the [[Wapedia]] service.<ref name=":16" group="W" /> In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the [[iPhone]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based devices, or [[WebOS]]-based devices.<ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/|archive-date=January 11, 2010|access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia [[metadata]] like [[geographic data and information|geoinformation]].<ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/|archive-date=June 1, 2011|access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref><ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/|archive-date=January 12, 2009|access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref>

The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238?mt=8|access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero]] was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access.<ref name=":17" group="W" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ellis |first=Justin |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130012228/https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding/|archive-date=November 30, 2022|access-date=April 22, 2013 |newspaper=Nieman Lab}}</ref> It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.<ref name=":17" group="W">{{cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/|access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref>

[[Andrew Lih]] and [[Andrew Brown (writer)|Andrew Brown]] both maintain editing Wikipedia with [[smartphone]]s is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years,<ref name=":18" /> and Tom Simonite of ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some [[Wikipedian]]s use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.<ref name=":18">{{cite news |last=Lih |first=Andrew |date=June 20, 2015 |title=Can Wikipedia Survive? |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217205707/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|archive-date=February 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile |journal=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102741/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|archive-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref>